Ans. 6(b)
The user interface (also known as Human computer interface or Man-Machine interface (MMI) is the aggreate of means by which people-the users-interact with the system-a particular machine, device, computer program or other complex tool. The user interface provides means of:
- Input, allowing the users to manipulate a system
- Output, allowing the sytem to indicate the effects of the users’ manipulation.
The user interface (of a computer program) refers to the graphical, tetual and auditory information the program presents to the user, and the control sequences (such as keystrokes with the computer keyboard, movements of the computer mouse, and selections with the touchscreen) the user employs to control the program.
[edit] Types
Currently (as of 2009) the following types of user interface are the most common:
Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor, There are at least two different principles widely used in GUI design: Object-oriented user interfaces (OOUIs) and application oriented interfaces
Web-based user interfaces or web user interfaces (WUI) accept input and provide output by generating web pages which are transmitted via the Internet and viewed by the user using a web browser program. Newer Implementations utilize java. AJAX, Adobe Flex, Microsoft .NET, or similar technologies to provide realtime control in a separate program, eliminating the need to refresh a traditional HTML based web browser. Administrative web interfaces for web-servers, servers and networked computers are called Control panel.
User interfaces that are common in various fields outside desktop computing:
Command line interfaces, where the user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor. Used for system administration tasks etc.
Tactile interfaces supplement or replace other forms of output with haptic feedback methods. Used in computerized simulators etc.
Touch interfaces are graphical user interfaces using a touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. Used in many types of point of sale, industrial processes and machines, self-service machines etc. Other types of user interfaces.
Attentive user interfaces manage the user attention deciding when to interrupt the user, the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user.
Batch Interfaces are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the details of the bathc job in advance to batch processing, and receives the output when all the processing is done, The computer does not prompt for further input after the processing has started.
Conversational Interface Agents attempt to personify the computer interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as Microsoft’s Clippy the paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form.
Crossing-based interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which the primary task consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing.
Gesture interfaces are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus.
Intelligent user interfaces are human-imachine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human-machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language, gesture).
Multi-screen Interfaces, employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction. This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and more recently the handheld markets.
Noncommand user interface. Which observe the user to infer his / her needs and intntions, without requiring that he / she formulate explicit commands.
Object-oriented User Interface (OOUI)
Reflexive user interfaces where the users control and redefine the entire system via the user interface alone, for instance to change its command verbs. Typically this is only possible with very rich graphic user interfaces.
Tangible user interfaces. Which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical environment or its element.
Text user interfaces are user interfaces which output text, but accept other form of input in addition to or in place of typed command strings.
Voice User interfaces, Which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts which are transmitted via a telephone network and hard by the user using a telephone. The user input is made by pressing telephone keys.
Natural-Language Interfaces – Used for search engines and on webpages. User types in a question and waits for a response.
Zooming user interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which information objects are represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the user can change the scale of the viewed area in order to show more detail,
Ans. 6(c)
System Software:
System software is a generic term referring to any computer software whose purpose is to help run the computer system. Most of it is responsible directly for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system.
System software is in contrast to application software, which helps solve user problems directly.
System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display. Specific kinds of system software include loading programs, operating systems, device drivers, programming tools, compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utilities.
Application Software:
Application Software is a loosely defined subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer’s various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit tue user. The term application refers to both the application software and its implementation. Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets and media player Multiple applications bundied together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples.
Ans. 7(a)
Clip art is a word that describes any image, graphic, picture, photograph, or illustration used in publication, print, desktop publishing, scrapbooking, advertising, or in any other project that uses images.
Cartoons, linebars or dividers, bullets, titles, borders or corners, frames, photographs, photo clips, photo objects, backgrounds, and other visual images in various sizes, shapes, colors, and topics can all be referred to as clip art.
