Different sorts of processor also have different types of installation process. It is also difficult to learn all of them. Many times it creates problem in installing in a single attempt.
Many Linux user complains that Linux does not support some software in deep. This create the problem. Some times Linux creates technical problems with Microsoft’s Commerce Server products as the user complains.
Ans. 6 (c)
An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resource of a computer, that acts as a host for computing applications run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the resource allocation and access production of the hardware. This relieves the application programmers from having to manage these details.
Operating system offer a number of services to application programs and users. Aplications acvcess these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and received the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software uer interace like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. Or large multi-user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system.
Functions of OS: (O Level Question Answer With Solutions)
- CPU Scheduling: Process management is an operating system’s way of dealing with running those multiple processes. On the most fundamental of computers (those containing one processor with one core) multitasking is done by simply switching processes quickly. Depending on the operating system, as more processes run, either each time slice will become smaller or there will be a longer delay before each process is given a chance to run. Process management involves computing and distributing CPU time as well as other resources. Most operating systems allow a process to be assigned a priority which affects its allocation of CPU time. Interactive operating systems also employ some level of feedback in which the task with which the user is working receives higher priority.
- Memory management: An operating system’s disk manager coordinates the use of these various types of memory by tracking which one is available for each process by making the disk storage seem like main memory. There is a speed penalty associated with using disks or other slower storage as memory – if running processes require significantly ore RAM than is available. The system may start thrashing.. this can happen either because one process requires a large amount of RAM or because two or more processes compete for larger amount of memory than is available. This then leads to constant transfer of each process’s data to slower storage.
- Storage System : Generally, operating systems include support for file systems. Modern file systems comprise a hierachy of directories. While the idea is conceptually similar across all general-purpose file systems, some differences in implementation exist. Two noticeable examples of this are the character used to separate directories, and caser sensitivity.
Unix demarcates its path components with a slash (/), a convention followed by operating systems that emulated it or at least its concept of hierachical directories, such as Linux, Amiga OS and Mac OSX. MS-D|OS also emulated this feature, but had already also adopted the CP/M convention of using slashes for additional options to commands, so instead used the backslash (\) as its components separator. Microsoft Windows continues with this convention
- Protection: If multiple processes are in memory at once, they must be prevented from interfering at with each other’s memory (unless there is an explicit request to utilize shared memory). This is achieved by having whole virtual address space, typically from address O up to the maximum size of virtual memory, as uniquely assigned to it. The operating system maintains a page table that match virtual addresses to physical addresses. These memory allocations are tracked so that when a process terminates, all memory used by that process can be made available for other processes.
The operating system can also withe inactive memory pages to secondary storage. This process is called “paging” or “swapping” – the terminology varies between operating systems.
Ans. 7(a)
Text Alignment – Microsoft Word: When aligning text in Microsoft Word. There are several option to choose from:
Left – This will make all of your text appear lined up to the left side of your margins. To make your text left justified, highlight it and press the CTRL + L keys.
Right – This will make all of your text appear lined up to the right side of your margins. To make your text right justified, highlight it and press the CTRL + R keys.
Center – This will make all of your text appear centered in the middle of your margins. To make your text center justified, highlight it and press the CTRL + E key7s.
Justify – This will make all of your text line up on the left and right sides evenly between your margins. To make your text justified, highlight it and press the CTRL
